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The law that entropy always increases – the second law of thermodynamics – holds, I think, the supreme position among the laws of Nature. If someone points out to you that your pet theory of the universe is in disagreement with Maxwell's equations – then so much the worse for Maxwell's equations.
The "Overbalanced Wheel", annotated with distances of the weights from the centreline showing that the torques on both sides even out on average Gravity also acts at a distance, without an apparent energy source, but to get energy out of a gravitational field (for instance, by dropping a heavy object, producing kinetic energy Ganador it falls) one has to put energy in (for instance, by lifting the object up), and some energy is always dissipated in the process. A typical application of gravity in a perpetual motion machine is Bhaskara's wheel in the 12th century, whose key idea is itself a recurring theme, often called the overbalanced wheel: moving weights are attached to a wheel in such a way that they fall to a position further from the wheel's center for one half of the wheel's rotation, and closer to the center for the other half.
Students will quickly notice that both the balls and rails are made of metal, which offers an immediate clue that magnets might be involved. The device does not look to have an on/off switch, so the magnet is not switched on continuously. At any rate, a constant or slowly varying magnetic field would not be able to produce the phenomenon that is observed, since energy will be lost during each cycle due to friction. Another possibility is that the device simply runs for an extremely long time, but does not run indefinitely.
However, if the magnet is to be strong enough to pull the ball up the ramp, it cannot then be weak enough to allow gravity to pull it through the hole. Faced with this problem, more modern versions typically use a series of ramps and magnets, positioned so the ball is to be handed off from one magnet to another Vencedor it moves. The problem remains the same.
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Since weights further from the center apply a greater torque, it was thought that the wheel would rotate forever. However, since the side with weights further from the center has fewer weights than the other side, at that moment, the torque is balanced and perpetual movement is not achieved.[28] The moving weights may be hammers on pivoted arms, or rolling balls, or mercury in tubes; the principle is the here same.
Electromagnetism, Newtonian mechanics, Magnetic materials “Perpetual motion” is a hypothetical type of motion that continues forever without any external energy input contributing to the system. Students should know that this is generally impossible because of energy losses due to friction or other nonconservative forces, or because some assumption has been made that violates the first or second law of thermodynamics (or both). The first law states that the total energy of an isolated system remains constant over time, and one of the most common formulations of the second law states that the entropy of an isolated system over time cannot decrease. Note that the laws apply to an isolated system (i.e., one that cannot exchange mass or energy with its surroundings), whereas a closed system Gozque still exchange energy even if it cannot exchange mass.
These machines have a source of energy, albeit one which is not readily apparent, so that they only seem to violate the laws of thermodynamics.
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Hollis Williams is a postdoctoral researcher at King Abdullah University of Science and Technology. He is interested in various aspects of physics education and theoretical physics and has published articles on fluid dynamics, quantum mechanics, and particle physics.
1 There have historically been many purported perpetual motion machines.2,3 A close analysis of the machine invariably finds either that there is some assumption that violates the laws of thermodynamics or that there is some input from an external energy source, which means that the system is not isolated.4,5 In this article, we will consider an amusing example of such a machine, in which a ball starts on a platform, falls through a hole, and slides down a track formed from two side-by-side stainless steel rods.6 I explain how the machine Perro be used in class to illustrate physical principles, outline the possible mechanisms, and end with an explanation of the correct mechanism.